Al Basirah is a Biannual Research Journal by the Department of Islamic Thought and Culture, NUML (ISSN Print: 2222-4548, Online:2520-7334) was started in June 2012 and recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan in the "Y" category in 2015 and awarded X category in 2018. Recently, Now it is recognized in Y category. Al-Basirah is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal that is indexed by renowned indexing databases. It is a trilingual journal that publishes high-quality research related to Islamic sciences in English, Arabic, and Urdu. The journal aims to investigate and bring forth innovative research-based concepts and practices in the discipline of Islamic studies at national and international levels. Its goal is to highlight Islamic concepts to answer the questions and to find solutions to different issues arising in the modern era in the light of Shariah. The journal provides a platform for researchers, classroom practitioners, and academic professionals to share their novel theoretical and practical research initiatives. Al Basirah not only encourages scholars to be creative but also attempts to motivate and guide readers to be inquisitive, creative, and critical in approach. The journal is constantly striving to achieve excellence by promoting the quality of research. It is also committed to stepping forward with great zeal and zest to maintain standards of quality and integrity. Al-Basirah welcomes stimulating, inspiring, and informative research papers catering to the complex and increasingly diversifying multidimensional needs of learners, teachers, and professionals in diverse contexts. Contributions that break new grounds in the domain of Islamic sciences Instead of assuming the values of originality, neutrality, objectivity, diversity of opinion, contribution of knowledge, strength for argument, truth, and honesty Al-Basirah has incorporated all these values in the process of selection and review. The Journal has diversified experts in its editorial and review board and is open to a wide range of methodological approaches and philosophical underpinnings.
National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad
Beyond Secular Emotional Intelligence: An Islamic Model of Self-Awareness
Self-awareness is considered as an important aspect for the study of Emotional Intelligence (EI); but the dominant models of EI are mostly based on secular cognitive and behavioral approach that fails to explain the moral and spiritual aspect of self in Islamic context. Although there is a lack of research on emotions in the context of Muslim education. This study aims at tackling the shortcoming of the existing EI models in explaining self-awareness in Muslim context as a phenomenon which is also tied to the concepts of accountability, purification, and ethical self-regulation. Using a qualitative conceptual methodology based on the Qur’an, Sunnah, and relevant Islamic psychological concepts, the study proposes the Fiqh al-Nafs Self-Awareness Model. The model conceptualizes self-awareness through four core faculties; nafs, qalb, ʿaql, and rūḥ and five interrelated processes; muḥāsabah, shuʿūr, maʿrifat al-nafs, tazkiyah, and mujāhadah. Unlike conventional EI frameworks that emphasize emotional recognition and regulation for personal or social effectiveness, this model frames self-awareness as a process of moral evaluation, spiritual accountability, and inner reform. In addition to offering an Islamic grounded theoretical framework, the study provides a conceptual basis for the future development and empirical validation of assessment tools for self-awareness-related EI among Muslim undergraduate students.
خواتین کی عبادت گاہوں تک رسائی: ابراہیمی مذاہب کا تقابلی مطالعہ
Islam, Christianity, and Judaism are considered as Abrahamic religions. Although they all share common theological foundations, their perspectives on women’s participation in sacred spaces have varied across different historical periods and socio-cultural contexts. Using a comparative and analytical methodology, the study explores the role of scriptural interpretations, religious authority, and cultural traditions in shaping women’s access to mosques, churches, and synagogues. It also examines the primary textual sources including the Qur’an, Hadith, the Bible, and the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), along with major traditional religious interpretations that have influenced legal and theological understandings of women’s participation in places of worship across the three faiths. The research highlights that limitations on women’s participation were influenced not only by religious interpretations but also by prevailing social and cultural norms. It further discusses contemporary debates regarding gender inclusion and women’s religious participation in sacred spaces. This study contributes to the fields of Religious Studies and Comparative Theology by offering a comparative understanding of women’s access to places of worship in the Abrahamic traditions and by clarifying the interaction between scriptural teachings, religious traditions, and contemporary developments.
مراعاة أحوال المستفتي بين العقل البشري والذكاء الاصطناعي في ضوء أحوال شبه القارة الهندية: دراسة مقارنة تحليلية
This article aims to highlight an important aspect of un-binding Islamic theory (fatwa), which has the potential to make mufti change the ruling regarding an issue accordingly, known as circumstances of the fatwa seeker, the mustafti. The corresponding circumstances of the fatwa seeker like age, health, sanity, place of living, customs and alike factors are always kept in mind at the time the fatwa has been passed, and being mufti unaware from these aspects make him loses his capacity to issue perfect fatwa. The importance increases in an era of artificial intelligence as people ask AI tools and seek fatwa from AI controlled tools and act upon accordingly. The question arises whether AI tool has the capability to single out the circumstances of the fatwa seeker and then issue opinion accordingly as the human being do. He has been given the capacity to connect events happened in the life of the fatwa seeker and generate the results, also he can single out the unseen aspects of the fatwa seeker which an AI tool cannot. This era has also introduced duplicate and artificial nature of voices, action and sayings which are impossible to be caught up by AI tools and hence guide fatwa seekers astray. On the other hand, in the subcontinent where multi-sect followers are the inhabitant and in such a tough atmosphere people do not seek fatwa from other than their own sect religious scholar. This article following comparative, analytical and inductive methods concludes that the human being has the capacity and potential to issue fatwa according to the circumstances of the fatwa seeker and the artificial intelligence can assist him but cannot replace the human being.
خواتین کے وراثتی حقوق: اسلامی شریعت اور برطانوی قوانین کا تقابلی مطالعہ
This study presents a comparative analysis of women’s inheritance rights in Islamic law and the British legal system, with particular focus on their legal foundations, philosophical underpinnings, and social implications. The topic is of significant academic and social importance because inheritance rights play a vital role in determining women’s economic security, property ownership, and social status. Despite increasing global attention to gender rights and legal equality, substantial differences remain in the legal principles governing inheritance across various legal traditions. Therefore, a comparative examination of Islamic and British approaches contributes to a deeper understanding of the diverse concepts of justice, equality, and social responsibility that shape women’s inheritance rights. The scope of this research includes an examination of the primary sources of Islamic inheritance law, relevant principles of British inheritance law, and the intellectual contributions of influential Western thinkers, particularly John Stuart Mill, whose views on women’s rights significantly influenced modern legal and political thought. The study also explores the historical development and contemporary application of women’s inheritance rights within both legal systems. To achieve its objectives, the research employs qualitative, analytical, and comparative methodologies. Relevant legal texts, classical and contemporary scholarly works, and statutory materials are examined to identify the similarities and differences between the two systems. The study analyzes the legal structures, underlying philosophies, and practical implications of inheritance regulations affecting women. The findings reveal that both Islamic law and the British legal system recognize women’s inheritance rights, yet they are founded upon distinct legal and philosophical principles. Islamic inheritance law is based on justice, family responsibility, and balanced distribution of wealth, whereas the British legal tradition emphasizes legal equality, individual autonomy, and freedom of property disposition. The study concludes that each system reflects its own historical and social context. It further highlights the importance of understanding these differences for promoting informed academic discourse and developing a balanced perspective on women’s inheritance rights in contemporary societies.
Logical, Thematic and Rhetorical Dimensions of the Repetitive Verse Fa-bi Ayyi Ālāi Rabbikumā Tukazzibān in Surah Rahman
Surah Rahman is the fifty fifth surah of the Quran. It has been studied to a great degree for its stylistic features, rhythmic patterns, theological depth, and thematic richness. Particularly, the verse Fa-bi Ayyi Ālāi Rabbikumā Tukazzibān, is a distinctive feature repeated thirty-one times. This repetition unrolls layered meanings in relation to its immediate context. The objective of study is to attain profound comprehension of the Divine message. This qualitative and comprehensive study employs an analytical method that weigh the verses of Surah Rahman with other Quranic verses incorporating a textual analysis of scholarly interpretations from both classical and modernized exegetical perspectives. It aims to address a research gap concerning the logical, spiritual and psychological spectrum of repetition, as well as the crucial role of the repeated verse. The repetitive verse Fa-bi Ayyi Ālāi Rabbikumā Tukazzibān demonstrate layered meanings in relation to its immediate text. It functions to draw believers closer to Allah, motivate sincere action, nurture gratitude, and illuminate human responsibility, playing a critical role in the Surah. Logical and rhetorical dimensions disclose multiple key insights. The verse functions to seal Allah’s decrees of punishment and rewards. It also serves as a conclusive argument for preceding and proceeding verses making the message clear for humanity. Moreover, it interprets the subject matter being brought to attention. Its peculiar sound pattern promotes a sense of harmony in heart and mind, assured profound contemplation, Divine awareness, and calmness. Overall, the verse plays outstanding role in preserving thematic symphony and deeper reflection with each occurrence.
نسلِ نو کو درپیش نمایاں فکری تحدیات: اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں تجزیہ
The contemporary era has exposed the youth to numerous intellectual and ideological challenges that are gradually weakening their religious, moral, and social foundations. Western cultural influence, doubts regarding basic Islamic teachings, moral decline, misinterpretation of Jihad and misunderstanding about human rights are among the major intellectual threats confronting the youth. Print and electronic media platforms have further accelerated the spread of these ideologies, creating uncertainty and intellectual unrest among youth. This study highlights the nature, causes and impacts of these intellectual challenges and examines how they affect the identity, faith and character of youth. The research further recommends methods for the mitigation of these threats and guidance of youth in the light of Islamic teachings. By analyzing the Quran, Sunnah and the Seerah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ, the study presents practical and intellectual solutions for safeguarding youth from ideological deviations. The research emphasizes the strengthening of faith, promotion of Islamic values, intellectual awareness, correct understanding of Jihad, unity of the Muslim Ummah and balanced understanding of human rights. The study concludes that Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive and balanced framework for the intellectual protection, moral development and constructive training of youth in the modern age.
The Role of Islamic Literature in Shaping Social Justice
The role of Islamic literature in promoting human compassion, social justice, equality and morality in human society has always been prominent. Religious and intellectual efforts have spent centuries of effort in giving rise to a deep thought about social justice. This research will attempt to investigate deeper about how Islamic traditional and modern literature has interpreted social traditions and how it has rejected all such traditions that conflict with human values. The main objective of this research is to analyze the role of Islamic literature in promoting social justice, to examine its impact on the social structure, and to clarify its effectiveness in addressing various injustices and inequalities of the contemporary era. To achieve this objective, a qualitative analysis of selected Islamic literary texts, including traditional and modern literary works such as prose and poetry, has been conducted. The results of the research clearly show that Islamic literature has always raised its voice against oppressive systems and exploitative practices and has played a significant role in promoting social justice, social values, and ethics. In this regard, the role of Islamic writers and thinkers has also been noteworthy. They have made a significant effort by raising their voices effectively against colonialism, class discrimination, gender inequality and other socio-political injustices through their work. In addition, Islamic literature has always served as an interpreter of the fundamental principles of humanity, such as interconnectedness, justice, accountability, equality, compassion, and other noble human values. Along with this, it not only reflects cultural values, social values and social attitudes but also provides a strong intellectual and moral narrative for the promotion of social justice, human equality and moral leadership. The study of these literary texts can provide important guidance for modern societies to understand the causes of global inequality and to build a more just, equitable and ethical society. The study concludes that Islamic literature plays an effective and sustainable role in raising social consciousness, promoting moral reform and promoting positive social change.
پاکستانی نوجوانوں میں ڈیجیٹل میڈیا کے ذریعے سماجی بیانیہ کی تشکیل اور جوابی بیانیے کی حکمت عملی
This research explores the intricate relationship between Pakistani youth and digital media in shaping contemporary socio-political and ideological narratives. It examines how digital platforms have evolved into dynamic arenas of meaning production, influencing young people's perceptions, identities, and collective consciousness. Through a descriptive and analytical methodology, the study investigates the dual nature of digital influence, its potential to foster awareness, creativity, and civic engagement, alongside the risks of misinformation, polarization, and cultural disorientation. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks such as Cultivation Theory, Agenda Setting Theory, and Social Learning Theory, the paper situates digital narrative formation within Pakistan’s socio-cultural context. It analyzes the prevalence of dominant political, religious, gender, and national discourses circulating online, highlighting their psychological and ideological impact on youth. Furthermore, the research critically evaluates the phenomenon of narrative engineering by both state and non-state actors, as well as the transnational influence of globalization, digital colonialism, and soft power. In response to these challenges, the study proposes a framework for constructing positive counter-narratives grounded in Islamic ethics, national identity, and moral communication. It underscores the pivotal role of educational institutions, media organizations, religious scholars, and civil society in promoting digital literacy, critical thinking, and digital ethics. Ultimately, the paper argues that empowering Pakistani youth to create balanced, knowledge-based narratives is essential for intellectual resilience and national cohesion in the digital age.
حكم أخذ الزكاة من غير نية صاحب المال:دراسة فقهية مقارنة بالقانون الباكستاني
This research examines the jurisprudential and legal perspectives on the issue of the ruler’s compulsory collection of zakat without the payer’s intention, with a specific focus on the application of Pakistani law. The study aims to determine whether such compelled collection fulfills the religious obligation of zakat both outwardly and inwardly. Employing an inductive, analytical, and comparative methodology. The research gathers textual evidence from the Quran, Sunnah, and other sources of Islamic law, alongside statutory provisions of the Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 1980 in Pakistan. Jurists have differed on this matter: the majority of Hanfi, Maliki, Shafi, and Hanbali scholars hold that compulsory collection by the ruler fulfills the obligation outwardly and inwardly; some Shafi’i and Hanbali scholars, including Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn ‘Uthaymeen, maintain that it is valid outwardly only; while a minority opinion among the Hanafi school of thought states that it does not suffice without the payer’s intention. The legal framework in Pakistan mandates compulsory deduction of zakat from certain assets, particularly bank deposits, without requiring the payer’s intention, and treats such deductions as full discharge of the obligation, with limited exceptions. The findings indicate that Pakistani law aligns closely with the majority juristic view, though it emphasizes the administrative and regulatory nature of zakat collection more than its devotional aspect. The study concludes that while the compulsory system achieves the socio-economic objectives of zakat, its disregard for the payer’s intention raises theological considerations regarding personal worship and sincerity. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
From Conqueror to Symbol: Early Modern English Representations of Umar ibn Al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه)
While scholarly attention on the representation of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in early modern English writings has received considerable attention since Nabil Matar’s groundbreaking 1998 study, the companions of the Prophet, particularly Umar ibn Al-Khattabرضي الله عنه, remain underexamined. This paper traces the representations of Umarرضي الله عنه across early modern English texts from 1481 to the mid-seventeenth century, demonstrating that English writers engaged with three distinct representations of Umarرضي الله عنه: as the conqueror of Jerusalem, as the administrator of Islamic territories, and as the symbolic counterpart to Aliرضي الله عنه in sectarian divisions. Through archival analysis using of travel narratives, historical texts, and religious polemics, this paper argues that the emergence of Umarرضي الله عنه in early modern English discourse was inextricably linked to European encounters with the Ottoman and Safavid empires, and that representations of the Prophet’s companions serve as crucial indices for understanding early modern English knowledge production about Islamic civilization. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining digital corpus analysis of EEBO resources with close reading of early modern English texts to examine the discursive formation and multilayered representations of Umarرضي الله عنه. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
قراءة بالمعنی کا نظریہ:گولڈزیہر اور نولڈیکے کے نظریات کا تجزیہ
The article critically examines the claims advanced by nineteenth- and twentieth-century Orientalists such as Theodor Nöldeke, Ignaz Goldziher, and Régis Blachère, who argued that early Muslim communities prioritized the preservation of the Qurʾān’s meaning over its exact wording, thereby allowing synonymous substitutions within the qirāʾāt. The intellectual roots of this theory can be traced to certain Muʿtazilī thinkers, such as Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ and Ibn Muqassim, who were associated with the permissibility of qirāʾa bi-l-maʿnā (reading by meaning). Orientalists reinforced this notion by relying on anomalous, weak, and fabricated reports found in tafsīr literature and kutub al-maṣāḥif, presenting it as if it reflected the normative scholarly position of Muslims. Drawing on classical sciences of qirāʾāt, the critical principles of isnād and rijāl, as well as manuscript and philological evidence, this study reassesses the Orientalist thesis. The findings reveal that such claims rest on a neglect of the structured and principled system governing qirāʾāt and on the elevation of weak and unfounded reports that were never considered part of the Qurʾān throughout the centuries. In contrast, the evidence demonstrates that the qirāʾāt were preserved through a highly rigorous system of transmission and audition (naql and samāʿ), not through arbitrary substitution of synonymous words. The claim of Ignaz Goldziher and Theodor Nöldeke that Muslims permitted synonymous substitution in qirāʾāt is based on weak and fabricated reports. Classical evidence shows that qirāʾāt were preserved through a rigorous system of transmission, not arbitrary alteration. Thus, the thesis of qirāʾa bi-l-maʿnā as a normative practice collapses under critical scrutiny. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
Qur'anic Education in South Western Nigeria in the 21st Century: Challenges and Prospects
This study examines the challenges facing Qur'ān education across the six states (Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo) which makes up South-West Nigeria. Qur'ānic education is an elementary knowledge undertaken by Muslim laden and adult to acquire the background knowledge of Al-Qur'ān. It therefore highlights some of the challenges confronting its students, teachers and learning environment and proposes some needs though which these hassles could be solved. The study adopted descriptive, analytical, and phenomenological methods. Our findings reveal that lack of qualified teachers, poor funding, are one of the key challenges affecting the effective learning on the part of the students and teachers, and suggests futuristic prospects for reform. This paper concludes that Qur'ānic education in the region should be given dimensional priorities. It further recommends prospects like creating conducive learning environment, active engagements of parents, employment of competent Qur’anic educators, adequate funding of Qur’anic education schools, provision for curriculum integration, and proper enrollment of students as one of the prospects for Qur’anic education schools in South-western Nigeria. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
الاختلاط بين الرجال والنساء في ضوء نصوص الشريعة: دراسة تحليلية مقارنة
This research is a comparative and analytical study that focuses on the Ruling about gender interaction in the light of Shari'ah texts. The researcher presents the differences of opinion among classical and contemporary scholars on the issue, discusses their opinions along with comparative analysis of the reasoning proffered and explains the intellectually convincing view on the issue. Furthermore, the researcher examines in depth the degrees of veracity and authenticity of aḥādīth of the Prophet (sws) that the scholars adduce in their contestations. In this regard, the researcher has used two approaches: the first is the comparative one and the second is the analytical one. The researcher concludes that the injunction of Ᾱyat al-Hijāb in which Allah (swt) specifically addresses the wives of the prophets and instructs them to entirely seclude themselves from strange men and not mingle with them. He persuasively posits that this Qur’anic injunction was specific to them. Therefore, it would not be appropriate at all to generalize this special directive and extend it to common Muslim women in the light of Qurānic and ḥadīth texts as well as the established common practice of Muslims at the time of the Prophet (sws). Rather, it is permissible in the Shari'ah for common Muslim men and women to gather and interact with each other at their homes, institutions, offices and at various public places and occasions as long as they all adopt the Qurānic directives and etiquette at the time of their interaction which are mentioned in Sūrah al-Nūr. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
النسخ بين النظرية والتطبيق في سورة البقرة:دراسة مقارنة بين التهانوي والقنوجي
Background of the study: Abrogation remained an important concept in Qur’anic studies, with implications for legal interpretation and exegesis. Despite its importance, most previous studies have focused either on its theoretical framework or on practical examples, leaving a gap in combined analyses of both dimensions. Objectives: This study aims to explore both the theoretical and practical dimensions of abrogation (Al-Naskh) in the Holy Qur’an. It first defines abrogation and outlines the conditions established by scholars, then examines the extent to which these conditions were applied by two prominent exegetes of the Indian subcontinent, Ashraf ʿAlī Thānawī and Nawwāb Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān Qannūjī. The study further offers a comparative analysis of their interpretations, limited to Surah al-Baqarah. Methodology: The research employs the inductive method to collect conditions of abrogation from available sources, the analytical method to assess their application in the works of the two exegetes, and the comparative method to highlight similarities and differences between them. Findings: The study shows that scholars of the subcontinent devoted considerable attention to the question of abrogation and generally implemented the conditions established by earlier scholars. Nevertheless, some divergences were identified, reflecting differing views on the necessity of certain conditions. Originality: Unlike previous studies that have tended to focus exclusively on either the theoretical or the practical dimensions of abrogation, this study integrates both perspectives within a single analytical framework. It further contributes to the field by presenting a systematic comparative analysis of two influential exegetes from the Indian subcontinent. By doing so, the study offers a deeper methodological insight into the application of Naskh in Qur’anic interpretation and helps refine contemporary scholarly understanding of its scope and function. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
Exploring the Trends and Methods of Neo-Orientalism
Neo-Orientalism signifies a contemporary reconfiguration of classical Orientalist discourse, operating through modern political, cultural, and artistic matrices. This study critically investigates how visual culture including painting, photography, fashion imagery, filmic representations, and digital media continues to circulate Orientalist tropes through nuanced strategies of exoticism, symbolic reduction, and the commodification of Muslim identities. In the post-9/11 global landscape, such representations frequently recast Muslims as exotic, regressive, or inherently threatening, thereby sustaining a visual vocabulary rooted in colonial epistemologies. Employing a qualitative and comparative visual analysis of selected artistic works and media outputs, the research delineates the methodological patterns, aesthetic mechanisms, and ideological functions underpinning Neo-Orientalist imagery. The scope encompasses dominant Western artistic productions alongside counter-narratives generated by contemporary Muslim, diaspora, and decolonial artists. These counter-practices challenge hegemonic framings by reclaiming visual agency, confronting misrepresentation, and constructing alternative epistemic spaces. The findings demonstrate that Neo-Orientalism persists through renewed aesthetic techniques and globalized modes of dissemination; however, it is increasingly met with powerful artistic interventions that destabilize, reinterpret, and contest Orientalist assumptions. Consequently, the study reveals a dynamic visual field in which colonial residues and critical resistances coexist, shaping the evolving discourse of representation in the twenty-first century. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
اتباع الهوى في الإسلام: بين صفاء الفطرة وانحراف النفس
This study examines the concept of Hawa (desire) and the dangers of following personal whims (ittibāʿ al-hawā) in Islamic teachings, where it is regarded as one of the most destructive spiritual afflictions leading to moral deviation, ethical corruption, and indulgence in sin. Linguistically, Hawa signifies the soul’s inclination toward what it loves, while in Islamic terminology it refers to prioritizing personal desires over the rulings of Sharīʿah and sound reason. The research addresses four key questions: (1) What are the linguistic and conceptual definitions of hawā? (2) What are the spiritual and ethical consequences of following personal desires? (3) How does this phenomenon manifest in contemporary Muslim society—especially within digital platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, Reels, and Shorts? (4) What preventive and corrective measures are proposed by Islamic scholarship? Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach, drawing upon classical and modern Islamic sources, linguistic references, and contemporary research on digital behavior. The findings indicate that unrestrained desires weaken spiritual awareness, distort ethical judgment, and contribute to moral decline, particularly under the influence of social media’s culture of fame, imitation, and self-exhibition. The research further reveals that the Qur’an and Sunnah strongly condemn the pursuit of unchecked desires, emphasizing that a sound fiṭrah inclines toward truth whereas indulgence in passions blinds insight and leads to misguidance. The study recommends strengthening faith, cultivating self-discipline, promoting digital ethics, and aligning personal inclinations with divine guidance as essential strategies to resist the influence of hawā and achieve moral stability and spiritual success. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Author(s) retains the Copyright of this article.
التفسير المقاصدي للحدود في القرآن الكريم: حد الرجم أنموذجا: دراسة في تفسير التحرير والتنوير لابن عاشور
The Objective-based approach to Qur'anic interpretation is considered one of the most prominent methodologies adopted by many exegetes in their works. This approach is centered on uncovering the general and specific, as well as the universal and partial objectives revealed in the Holy Qur'an, with the aim of establishing a Qur'anic system that achieves benefits, prevents harm, and reforms both the individual and society, considering the teachings of Islamic law. Various books and theses have been written about the objective based approach to Quranic interpretation, for example: "Maqasid al-Shari'ah in Punishments, Purposive Exegesis of Qur'anic Surahs in the Shadow of the Qur'an and Purposive Exegesis of the Qur'an: Foundations and Applications, however this paper discusses Tafsir al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir by Ibn e Ashoor. Muhammad al-Ṭāhir ibn ʿĀshūr (1879–1973) was one of the academics who gave this method extraordinary attention. His famous exegesis, Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, which has become a cornerstone in the field for those who followed him, amply demonstrates his dedication to this methodology. This article aims to introduce the Maqāṣid-based interpretation of the Hadd of stoning for adulterers, as well as the profound wisdom behind its legislation within this interpretive framework. The research problem focuses on how Ibn ʿĀshūr used the Maqāṣidic method to explain the punishment of stoning for married adulterers, what important reasons and wisdom support this law, and how this method can address the doubts and objections raised about this punishment in today's discussions. This article adopts an analytical and deductive methodology by tracing Ibn ʿĀshūr’s expressions in his exegesis on the Hadd of stoning from a Maqāṣidic perspective, analyzing these expressions to highlight the underlying legal wisdoms, and discussing them considering methodological research principles. This study found that Ibn ʿĀshūr’s view on the Hadd of stoning, using the Maqāṣidic approach, strikes a balance between protecting the five key goals of Islamic law.
Seerat-un-Nabi (ﷺ) as a Comprehensive Model to Address the Political, Social, and Economic Challenges of the Contemporary Muslim World
The contemporary Muslim societies is grappling with multifaceted crises considering economic inequality, political instability and social disintegration. These challenges not just hinder the development but also impact identity and unity of the Ummah. This study examines that how the teachings and life of Prophet (PBUH), gives timeless principles and provides guidance to overcome these issues. The already available literature on the topic elaborates the relevancy of Seerat-un-Nabi to various contemporary issues, while this article presents Seerat-un-Nabi (PBUH) as a Comprehensive Model to Address the Political, Social, and Economic Challenges of the present day's Muslim world. This paper follows qualitative and interpretive methodology that focuses on content and textual analysis. Revisiting the early historical events from the life of Prophet like Character of Madinah, economic reforms of the new born Islamic state, and his ethical and inclusive leadership, this research underlines the relevance of prophetic wisdom in the modern governance, economic sustainability and social justice. It also analyzes how Prophet (P.B.U.H) focused on consultation (shura), equity, moral accountability and compassion that can inform leadership models and contemporary policies in the Muslim world. In practical terms, by reconnecting with Seerah, the Muslim Ummah can chart a path toward resilience, holistic development and unity in today’s fragmented and globalized world. Through textual analysis of past sources and contemporary literature, this research critically assesses how the values like Shura (consultation), moral accountability, equity and compassion is adapted to present leadership and policy frameworks across the Muslim world. The findings of this study recommend that reconnecting seerah can encourage unity, resilience and inclusive development in globalized and fragmented Muslim societies.
یوٹیوب سےکمائی اور تعاؤن علیٰ المعصیۃ کے پہلوں کا حنفی فتاویٰ کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ
In today’s digital age, there are numerous emerging avenues to earn money online, with YouTube standing out as one of the most popular and influential platforms. However, a critical concern frequently raised is whether monetizing YouTube content—particularly through advertisements—constitutes cooperation in sin (taʿāwun ʿala al-maʿṣiyah). It is the responsibility of contemporary scholars to examine this issue thoroughly and provide clear religious guidance. Monetization on YouTube has become one of the most debated and complex topics in modern Islamic finance and ethics. The already available literature discusses earning through YouTube, in social and economic perspectives, however in term of sharia ruling about that, various fatawas are issued to clarify the status of YouTube earning in the light of Islam. Although many scholars have already issued fatwas and guidelines regarding YouTube earnings, the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of the platform has led to a wide range of interpretations. Through qualitative research methodology, this paper has selected various Hanafi fatawas issued in Pakistan regarding YouTube earning. Moreover, recent updates to YouTube’s monetization policies and the introduction of new revenue streams have broadened the scope for further inquiry. This study aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap by critically reviewing earlier scholarly positions, identifying the most sound and balanced viewpoint, and analyzing new methods of earning on YouTube in light of Sharia principles. It concludes that earing through You Tube is allowed if the content is lawful in Islam otherwise not, but promoting immoral behavior through ads is not allowed. In conclusion, the income earned by a content creator through uploading videos and receiving increasing viewership can be deemed permissible when classified under the category of hiba (gift).
Historical Representation and Religious Intent in Abdul Haleem Sharar’s Tarikh-e-Yahoodiyat
This article revisits Tarikh-e-Yahoodiyat (The History of Judaism), a historical work written in Urdu by Abdul Haleem Sharar in the late 19th century. Sharar uses the history of the Jewish people to reflect on the condition of Indian Muslims during British colonial rule. At that time, Muslims in India were experiencing political decline, social instability, and religious confusion. Sharar selected to write about the history of Jews, as according to him the present condition of Muslim living in sub-continent are going through the same condition the Jews have been going through since long, and there are great lessons for the local Muslim community in the history of Jews. Various scholars have discussed Abdul Haleem Sharar's other books. Barbara Metcalf, Christian Troll and Francis Robinson have done research on the condition of Muslim thoughts of the subcontinent in 19th century, however Sharar's this book remains still unstudied. The book focuses on important events in Jewish history, such as the Maccabean revolt, the brief return of independence, and the fall of Jerusalem under Roman rule. Sharar does not present these events only as historical facts only, rather he uses them to show how disunity, moral weakness, and poor leadership can lead to the downfall of a powerful community. Through this indirect method, he encourages Muslims to learn from Jewish history and to improve their condition through unity, being morally strong, and faithful to their religious values. This article discusses the sources he has used, including Islamic, Western, and historical writings, and examines his writing style and purpose. The article also places Tarikh-e-Yahoodiyat within the wider intellectual and religious reform movements among Indian Muslims in the 19th century. Sharar’s main goal was not to study Judaism in a spiritual sense, but to use it to educate Muslims about their weaknesses and responsibilities. In this way, Tarikh-e-Yahoodiyat works on two levels. It gives readers a clear account of Jewish history and serves as a mirror for Muslims to think about their past and future. Sharar’s book is a historical text and a call for reflection and reform. It shows how history can guide a community during times of crisis and change.
غزہ و اسرائیل تنازع میں جدید ہتھیاروں کے ماحولیاتی اثرات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Arab Israel conflict has a long history, Since the world war first when the British empire started populating Jews from around the word in Palestine, there broke several wars among them, however in term of destruction and human losses the current ongoing war of Gaza-Israel is the deadliest. This paper presents a critical analysis of the recent Gaza-Israel conflict, focusing on the use of modern weaponry and its environmental repercussions. The already available literature has discussed the environmental impact of deadly wars on that war zone. After the Gulf war of 1990 various researchers have discussed the impact of modern weaponry in term of environment pollution. HRW and BT selem has prepared reports about the destructive effects of drone attacks and phosphorus bombardments. The study highlights how the deployment of advanced military technologies, including drone strikes, air raids, and white phosphorus munitions, has caused not only significant human casualties but also widespread ecological damage. Environmental consequences include severe air and water pollution, the destruction of agricultural lands, contamination of natural resources, and a serious threat to regional biodiversity. Furthermore, the lingering effects of chemical residues, war debris, and toxic gases have created long-term health risks for the civilian population and disrupted the local ecosystem. Drawing upon reports from environmental experts, human rights organizations, and international bodies such as the United Nations, this research suggests that Islamic teaching that forbid environmental harm are aligned with Geneva conventions and International laws. The paper underlines the urgent need for global intervention. The paper concludes by recommending sustainable, humanitarian, and ecological measures to mitigate the environmental and human costs of modern warfare in conflict-affected regions.
المعالجة القلبية للاضطرابات النفسية من منظور قرآني والعلاج النفسي المعاصر: دراسة مقارنة
Psychological disorders are a significant issue in modern society, and their treatment requires a multifaceted approach. This article explores heart-based healing for psychological disorders from both a Qur'anic perspective and contemporary psychological treatments. The Qur'an emphasizes the importance of a pure heart for mental and spiritual well-being. Key verses stress the necessity of a pure heart. Previously various researchers have examined heart related diseases and illness in the light of Quran and Sunnah, their core focus is mostly on purification of heart spiritually not to heal the psychological disorders. For example Dr. Muhammad Hassan Yaqub has written on "Diseases of the heard in the light of the Holy Quran". Dr Abdul Hameed Al-Qudah's work "Psychological tranquility in the light of The Quran", that focuses on how to achieve tranquility by Quran. However Quranic perception of healing a psychological disorder and reviewing the present day psychotherapies is still unexamined. This study fills this gap to review the psychological disorders and contemporary psychotherapy in Islamic perspective. Islamic scholars state that a sound heart is free from polytheism and sins, leading to psychological peace. Contemporary psychology, on the other hand, focuses on therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation techniques to address mental health. Experts highlighted that emotional and psychological balance is crucial for treatment. This study suggests that integrating Qur'anic wisdom with modern psychological practices offers a holistic approach, combining spiritual purification and psychological insight to treat psychological disorders effectively.
Ethical Communication in the Qur'an: A Thematic Analysis of the Word ‘وَلْيَتَلَطَّفْ Walyatalattaf’
The Qur’an serves as a comprehensive guide for human conduct, including the ethics of communication. A significant expression within this framework is the word Walyatalattaf (وَلْيَتَلَطَّفْ), found in Surah Al-Kahf (18:19), which can be translated as “let him be kind” or “let him act with gentleness.” This word emphasizes the importance of interacting with others in a manner that is cautious, courteous, and ethically conscious, particularly in sensitive situations. Islamic scholars have interpreted Walyatalattaf through various dimensions—such as subtlety, empathy, and politeness—while collectively affirming its role in promoting thoughtful and respectful communication. This study aims to analyze the linguistic and ethical significance of Walyatalattaf in the Qur’anic context and explore how Qur’anic teachings shape principles of communication applicable to modern life. The research addresses two key questions: What is the deeper meaning and contextual significance of Walyatalattaf in Surah Al-Kahf? And how do Qur’anic teachings, through similar expressions and prophetic examples, guide ethical communication? These questions are explored using a descriptive and thematic analytical method, drawing upon classical and contemporary tafsīr sources. The analysis reveals that Walyatalattaf encapsulates more than mere kindness; it reflects a multidimensional ethic that encourages discretion, moral sensitivity, and emotional intelligence in speech. The context in Surah Al-Kahf—where cautious and tactful behavior was essential to avoid conflict—underscores the strategic role of gentle communication. Furthermore, the Qur'an consistently pairs communication with values like honesty, humility, and compassion, drawing from prophetic models that stress patience, wisdom, and emotional restraint. The findings suggest that Qur’anic communication is not merely about delivering a message but doing so with an awareness of its ethical and emotional impact. In today’s era of polarizing discourse and digital interactions, this Qur’anic guidance provides a timeless framework for fostering dialogue that is respectful, meaningful, and morally anchored.
Thematic Study of the Qur’an, an Analysis of the Works of the 21st Century in the Western Academia
Tafsīr is one of the earliest and most noble discipline among the traditional sciences. Within this genre, multiple methodologies, such as analytical, comparative and thematic, have been introduced to understand the word of Allah. Although the roots of Thematic study trace back to the traditional era, it has flourished remarkably in the past two centuries. Recent Muslim scholars such as Abdullah Draz, Muhammad Baqir al Sadr, and Muhammad Al Sharawi produced significant works discussing the Qur’ān's themes in relation to contemporary issues, such as economics, human rights, and the environment. Hence, they managed to provide a holistic Qur’ānic approach towards the recent problems. The Western scholars, such as Jacques Jomier (d. 2008), Jane Demmen McAuliff, Andrew Rippin, Daniel A. Madigan, have shown a growing interest in thematic study of the Qur’ān leading to the production of numerous influential books and articles. Hence, A drastic shift from historical study of the Qur’ān to its textual and thematic study can be observed in the past and the present century. The present article aims to highlight this significant development in the study of the Qur’ān in the West. Moreover, a critical analysis of some renowned works is offered along with the brief introduction. The author has selected four major western academic works (by non-Muslim scholars) of the present century that has gained scholars' attention from all over the globe in the genre of the Qur'anic studies. This paper suggests that, although Western academia has made significant steps in refining its style and language, adopting a more respectful and academically nuanced tone, but due to various internal and external factors, this does not necessarily mean that the conclusions they present, align with those of the mainstream Muslim scholarship. The primary reasons, among many others, may be—though not in all cases—the influence of deeply rooted past ideas about the Qur'an and diversity of writers’ backgrounds. The paper concludes that adopting a more objective and academic approach towards the Qur'an and its themes may help bridge the intellectual gap between the two worlds
Fatwa as a legal and religious tool: Between State Authority and Scholarly Independence
The fatwa, is a non-binding and flexible Islamic ruling, issued by a qualified and expert Muslim jurist. Historically, the domain of issuing fatwa was in the hand of scholarly individuals who served to respond all queries posed by the public over issues like family matters, economic transactions, ethical matters and international relations. With the advent of modern nation-states, where the need of issuing institutionalized fatwa has been sought, the procedure of issuing fatwa has undergone very significant transformation, especially in the contemporary modern world from the hands of individuals into the domain of institutions. Experiences of Egypt’s Dar al-Ifta, Saudi Arabia’s Council of highly Senior Scholars, and Indonesia’s Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) are the major examples where practice of fatwa is in the hand of institutions weather controlled by the state authority or function as semi-state agency, instead of being in the hands of individual scholars. Though this model has many benefits as to harmonize interpretation of religious texts with the national interests and also to counter extremism yet it also raises concerns regarding the politicization of the religious process and authority as well as damages the scholarly independent role in Islamic jurisprudence. In the case of Pakistan where institutions are not fully controlled by the state authority to issue fatwa rather they act as advisory nature and provide Islamic interpretation over matters posed by the public also dār ul iftās and individuals are issuing fatwas where confusion and conflict may arises between religious context and state interest as evident from the case studies explained in the article. So whether the fatwa issuing authority should remain in the hands of individuals or it should be shifted under the state monitoring, is the question of this article. Previously written material reflects only on the authority of the religious scholars where a comparative analysis between state and independent scholars on the status of fatwa and its impact on the society is not found. Through comparative analysis this article tries to address this issue. It suggests a hybrid system of issuing fatwa by individual scholars in issues related to public matters, but in matters where state policy, interest and integrity involved the stakeholders must be consulted wherein.
Students-Led Religious Activism in Nigeria: A Study of MSSN Rivers State Area Unit Port Harcourt
The Muslim Students’ Society of Nigeria (MSSN), founded in 1954, has played a notable role in shaping Islamic identity among Nigerian youths. It has branches in every state called Area Unit. The Rivers State Area Unit - where Muslims constitute a minority— was established in 1984 by one Misbahudin Nurudin during his National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) posting. The organization has been active in various religious, educational, and advocacy initiatives. Although several research articles and reports have been published stating the condition of Muslims living in Nigeria, Some have focused on role of The Muslim Students' Society of Nigeria MSSN as well, but The MSSN Rivers State Area Unit still remain unexamined. This study explores the historical evolution, organizational structure, and operational strategies of the MSSN Rivers State Area Unit. It asks: How has the MSSN responded to the challenges of religious minority status in Port Harcourt? What mechanisms has it employed to sustain Islamic consciousness and student activism in a context of limited institutional support? Adopting a historical-analytical method and drawing on oral interviews and primary documents, the research investigates the key turning points, leadership transitions, and institutional engagements that have defined the Unit's trajectory. It considers both internal and external factors—such as member instability, financial constraints, and religious tensions—and examines how these have shaped the society’s programs and resilience. By focusing on the MSSN’s localized experience in Port Harcourt, the study contributes to broader conversations on youth-led religious activism in pluralistic societies and the role of faith-based student organizations in shaping collective identity under marginal conditions. The key finding of the research is that MSSN plays a vital role in propagating Islam and uplifting Muslim community in Nigeria. This article recommends that the efficiency of the MSSN local units can increase by strengthening the organizational structure of the units, searching new financial avenues, building strong alumni networks and emphasizing educational and spiritual growth of the members.
Virtue in the Viral Age: Ethical Social Media Governance in the Age of Information
The unregulated social media has led to an influx of information that has influenced the psychosocial character of Muslim societies, including Pakistan. While digital means of connectivity and expression have become vital for people, they are also supposed powerful tools for misinformation, slander, and a decline in morality, causing distress, distrust, and disruption to social systems within families, communities, and the nation. The idealization of false narratives, disrespect for state institutions, and viral negativity often lead to emotional distress, declining self-esteem, and societal polarization. The already available literature suggests that several reports and research papers have elaborated various dimensions of social media governance. Various scholars have established ethical grounds for social media in the light of Islamic principles. The study highlights the psychosocial trauma caused by social media through misinformation and suggests spirituality-based ethical guidelines for responsible digital behavior. Learning from various historical incidents from the Sīrah of Prophet Muhammad PBUH, this paper explores how defamation through unverified information can traumatize individuals and their communities. It is established in the paper that Qurān strongly discourages the spread of rumors and emphasizes verification before judgment. It also states that Prophet Muhammad PBUH condemned the dissemination of false information to save society from its negative psychosocial impact and trauma. Based on Sīrah, it advocates for public awareness, character building, and media ethics driven by Islamic teachings to avert the psychological harm of misinformation and help rejuvenate trust and social cohesion in Pakistan. Based on a qualitative analysis of Islamic texts and current sources, the study demonstrates community involvement, digital literacy, and faith-based ethical guidelines as ways to counteract the negative effects of social media
قباء اور اہل قباء کی ثقافت،مذاہب اورطرز تعمیر:ایک تاریخی مطالعہ
Abstract: This study explores the historical, cultural, and religious significance of Quba, a prominent early Islamic settlement located near Madinah. It was the first place where the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stayed following the Hijrah. Before the advent of Islam, it was inhabited by a range of Arab and Jewish tribes practicing various religions, including idolatry, Judaism, and Christianity. Revisiting the already available literature one can find that although various scholars have focused on the masjid e Quba and the stay of Prophet PBUH there, for example a thesis is written about the inhabitance of Masjed e Quba in the early Islam discusses the construction of it in detail. Another thesis "The Route of the Prophet's Migration from Quba to Madinah" states the journey of migration in detail, but detailed information about the Quba region and the people living there especially about their culture, religion and architecture is still lacking. Adopting qualitative research methodology, the study explores the region’s socio-cultural landscape, tribal dynamics, and the peaceful coexistence of religious communities. It offers a detailed analysis of Quba’s architectural structures, including defensive forts, residential buildings, and public wells, which reveal the community’s adaptation to environmental and strategic needs. It shows the role of marketplaces as hubs of trade and interaction. The research also highlights the settlement’s literary inclinations, particularly in poetry. Through a historical and analytical approach grounded in classical sources, the paper argues that Quba was more than a temporary resting point, it was a model of early Islamic community life. Its structured urban layout, social diversity, and cultural richness contributed significantly to the foundational phase of the Islamic civilization. The findings contribute to broader discourses on early Islamic urbanism, tribal cooperation, and the integration of religious and social identities.
Abu al-Hasan Al-Amiri's Comparison of Doctrinal Pillars in Six Religions: In the light of "Al-I’lam bi-Manaqib al-Islam"
Abu al-Hasan al-Amiri is one of the earliest and most prominent Muslim philosophers from Iran. He is known for his numerous contributions to the field Ilm u Kalam and comparative religion. Among his most significant works, one is Al-Iʿlām bi-Manāqib al-Islām. Along with some other topics about Manaqib al Islam he compares Islam with five other religions: Judaism, Sabianism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and idol-worshiping. Various scholars have explored different dimentions of Al Amiri,s contributions, like Fatima Al- Tays, Abdullah Tawaijri and Hanan Mansouri. However all the available literature elaborates biography and general themes of Al Amiri's work. Assessing his way of comparing Islam with other religions remains still unstudied. The doctrinal pillars of these faiths constitute a central theme in his work. However, the lack of sufficient critical studies on al-Amiri’s approach in this regard has motivated the writing of this article. This research focuses on the comparative analysis of doctrinal pillars in Al-Iʿlām, offering detailed explanations and references. In addition to evaluating al-Amiri’s methodology, the study seeks to conduct a thorough and insightful examination of the doctrinal foundations of the aforementioned religions. Al Amiri's has selected four domains for this research, 1: Belief, 2: worship, 3: Public dealings, 4: Punishments. Although He has discussed all of the above domains but the core focus of Abu Al Hasan Al Amiri is on the first two pillars. In his he has criticized the sectarian misrepresentation. He appreciates research and reasoning and discourages blind following. This study suggests to adopt the doctrinal model of comparisons adopted by Abu Al Hasan Amari and by doing so, it will integrate moral and ethical foundation to present day's interfaith dialogues and debates.
Staff Training and Islamic Banks Performance: Evidence from Pakistan
Islamic banking is experiencing an extraordinary growth rate. As the number of Islamic banks increases, there is a need for well-trained employees. Especially in Pakistan, after the Federal Shariat Court decided to eliminate Reba from the Economy by the end of 2027, and the Parliament endorsed it by the 26th amendment in the constitution of Pakistan. This study was conducted to examine the effect of staff Training on the overall performance of Islamic banks and to determine the types of Trainings influence the performance of the Islamic banking institutions the most. After reviewing the already available literature, a questionnaire was developed and filled out by the employees of full-fledged Islamic Banks in Pakistan. A "one sample t-test" was applied. A test value of 4 was taken, and conclusions were drawn based on the p-value. Out of ten statements, six were accepted, indicating that the staff training positively influences the performance of Islamic banks. Currently major portion of Islamic finance consists of Islamic banking, but further expansion is the need of time. This study concluded that Islamic banks could improve their performance by increasing the effectiveness of their staff training.